Cancer and Tumor Review

Most of the enzymes are proteins and there are a few macromolecules with biocatalytic activity such as RNA and
DNA. Ribozyme (Rz) is a class of biocatalytic RNA. The substrate is a ribozyme of the RNA molecule that catalyzes
the cleavage and splicing of the substrate RNA. Its role is characterized by low cutting efficiency and is easily
destroyed by RNase. The catalytic type includes RNA transnucleotide reaction, RNA restriction endonuclease reaction
(hydrolysis reaction) and polymerase activity reaction (link reaction). It may have amino acid esterase, amino acid
tRNA synthetase and peptide transfer. Activity of the enzyme indicates that the ribozyme plays an important role in the
process of translation and ribosome function. The ribozymes currently found include class I introns, class II introns,
RNaseP, hammerhead, hairpin and axular ribozyme (hepatitis D virus ribozyme). Recent studies have confirmed
that ribozymes are commonly found in nature and their secondary structures are composed of amino acid arms,
dihydropyrimidine rings, anti-cryptocycles, additional rings and TφC rings. Ribozyme is a catalyst that can be used
repeatedly. As compared with antisense RNA, ribozyme drugs use less dose, toxicity is small and the role of ribozyme
on the virus targeting sequence is specific hence rendering the virus more difficult to produce tolerance. The use of
ribozyme is to splice the highly specific treatment of the corresponding disease has long-term prospects. At present,
ribozyme technology is a promising application of gene therapy although in 20 years has been a huge development
but there are many problems are not resolved such as in vitro screening of high activity of ribozymes, (Hairpin
ribozyme), ax ribozyme (The ax of the ribozyme) research. The establishment of efficient expression system in vivo,
enhanced ribozyme in the cell cutting efficiency and to seek more effective carrier. The resolution of these problems,
the ribozyme in the clinical application of the time to further shorten. At present, although the anti-tumor and antiviral
activity of ribozyme is still in the experimental stage, it has revealed the dawn of hope. This article provides a brief
overview of the use of ribozymes in antitumor and antiviral therapy in recent years.

Objective: To investigate the changes of cell cycle and the content of P53 protein in S180 cells by using the specific
fluorescent probe to identify the biological target to be measured according to the change of the fluorescence signal.
The results showed that Shikonin had good anti-tumor effect. Methods: Cell cycle changes and P53 protein content in
S180 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Results: With the increase of Shikonin dose, S180 cells G1 and S phase
content gradually increased, it can be inferred Shikonin action in cells, and the cells can be blocked in G1 and S phase.
With the increase of the dose of Shikonin, the expression of P53 protein increased. This suggests that Shikonin may
up-regulate P53 activity and induce apoptosis. Conclusion: From the experimental results, we can see that Shikonin
has a good antitumor effect in vivo.

Purpose: (1) To investigate the expression of CaSR in papillary thyroid carcinoma, thyroid benign lesion and normal
thyroid cells by immunohistochemistry and to analyze the relationship between CaSR and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
(2) To study the difference of the expression of thyroid papillary carcinoma between calcification group and thyroid
papillary carcinoma without calcification and the difference of calcification between thyroid papillary carcinoma
and benign thyroid lesions and to analyze its significance. (3) To investigate the expression characteristics of CaSR
in blood stasis syndrome group and non-blood stasis syndrome group and to analyze the correlation between CaSR
and TCM blood gall blood stasis syndrome. Methods: Thirty patients (thyroid papillary carcinoma and 40 cases of
thyroid benign tumor) were treated with MaxvisionTM2 / HRP immunohistochemical two-step method to investigate
the effect of CaSR on thyroid papillary carcinoma, thyroid benign lesion and normal thyroid tissue. All data were
analyzed by SPSS 17.0 using nonparametric test, P <0.05 for the difference was statistically significant. Results:
The expression of CaSR in thyroid papillary carcinoma and the positive expression of CaSR in thyroid benign lesion
were statistically significant. (3) CaSR in thyroid papillary carcinoma was significantly higher than that in CaSR (P
<0.05) and the positive expression of CaSR in the calcification group of thyroid papillary carcinoma was higher than
that in benign thyroid calcification group, the difference was statistically significant. (3) The expression of CaSR in
thyroid papillary carcinoma was significantly higher than that in thyroid papillary carcinoma. There was a significant
difference in the positive expression of CaSR between blood stasis syndrome group and non - blood stasis syndrome
group (P <0.05). Conclusion: (1) CaSR in normal thyroid tissue in a small amount or no expression in papillary
thyroid carcinoma and thyroid benign lesions in the expression of thyroid papillary carcinoma in the high expression
of: (2) CaSR in the thyroid papillary carcinoma of the calcification group (P <0.05) .In conclusion, CaSR may play a
key role in the calcification of thyroid papillary carcinoma; (3) CaSR may play an important role in the calcification
of thyroid papillary carcinoma. The positive expression of blood stasis syndrome group was higher than that of nonblood
stasis syndrome group which indicated that CaSR might be correlated with Chinese medicine gall blood stasis
syndrome.

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. It is also a high
incidence of malignancy in our country. It is difficult to be diagnosed early, and it is easy to relapse and metastasis
after operation. At present, liver cancer is still recognized as the preferred surgical treatment and the main treatment,
but because many patients with liver cancer diagnosis is in the late, lost the chance of surgical treatment and death
within 1 year after diagnosis, surgical resection rate of 30%, the overall 5-year survival rate is only 30% to 40%. For
patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, postoperative recurrence and metastasis are the main factors affecting the
therapeutic effect and prognosis, and there is still no effective treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular
carcinoma who cannot be operated. Traditional chemotherapy, radiotherapy for poor efficacy of liver cancer, there
is still a lack of effective chemical prevention and treatment of target [1]. Therefore, this study is the mechanism
of compound A combined with compound B on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. In this study, MTT assay was
used to detect the effects of different concentrations of A and B on HepG2 cells and the combination of different
concentrations of A and B in the treatment of HepG2 cells. The results showed that different concentrations of A and B
alone treated HepG2 cells, the degree of inhibition of the performance of time-dose-dependent effect, and in A 6μmol
/ L combined B 100μmol / L synergistic effect is most significant. Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of
the combination group was more obvious. Western Blot assay showed that the expression of Bax and FADD increased
and the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased.

Objective: To perform PICC catheterization in 129 hospitalized patients with chemotherapy for infusion of
chemotherapy. The clinical response of patients with PICC after catheterization is to find out the causes of
complications and to give appropriate care. This is to investigate the causes and nursing strategies of common
complications after PICC catheterization in patients with chemotherapy. Methods: It gives the patient and his family
explain, sign PICC informed consent, evaluate and select the appropriate vein, assist the patient to take the supine
position, puncture side arm abduction 90 degrees, measure the puncture site to the right sternoclavicular joint The
length of the third intercostal (the length of the position to the end of the catheter) and the length of the arm of 10 cm
on the elbow, and record well. With sterile gloves with alcohol and povidone-iodine 3 times disinfection puncture
site skin up and down 15cm, replace sterile gloves, wear isolation clothing, shop large single, shop sterile towel
and hole towel, remove the PICC catheter and puncture sheath, and puncture, remove the puncture sheath sheath,
under the elbow joint 2cm at the puncture, see the blood after the needle and then a little to ensure that the needle
bevel completely into the blood vessels, loose tourniquet, withdrawal Needle tube, press the end of the tube to stop
bleeding, the pre-punched catheter along the puncture sheath tube forward tube, tube to 15cm when the patient with
the head toward the puncture side and close to the shoulder, tube to the required length, Will be introduced into the
guide wire from the catheter, then take the saline syringe back to the blood (to ensure that the catheter in the blood
vessels), then to joints, slow injection of saline and then heparin dilution positive pressure sealing tube. With a small
yarn block covered puncture points, transparent dressings and elastic bandage to stop bleeding. To help patients with
chest radiographs to determine the location of the infusion device and the catheter after the end of the connection
can be infusion. To the patients and their families to explain the tube and tube with the attention during the catheter
and catheter stay time to get with, to prevent the occurrence of complications, make a record. Results: In this group,
7 cases of puncture point bleeding, the incidence was 5.4%, 3 cases of puncture infection, the incidence of 2.3%, 3
cases of phlebitis, the incidence of 2.3%, 2 cases of catheter blockage, the incidence of 1.6% , 2 cases of catheter
prolapse, the incidence of 1.6%, 1 case of thrombosis, the incidence was 0.8%. Conclusion: The application of PICC
intravenous chemotherapy, catheter retention time is long, can be repeated, intermittent application. There is no need
to strictly restrict the patient's activities during the course of the tube, which has no serious effect on the work and
daily life of the patients. It provides a safe, convenient and effective intravenous treatment channel for the patients
with cancer, improving the quality of life and the satisfaction of the care.

Cancer is a disease caused by changes in the critical genes that control cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death is an important mechanism and target for the anti-cancer treatment. A characteristic finding in many types of cancer is a reduction in apoptosis. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic lectin that plays an important role in cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Therefore, synthetic galectin-3 inhibitors are of utmost importance for development of new antitumor therapeutic strategies. Galectin-3 is mainly found in the cytoplasm, also seen in the nucleus and can be secreted by non-classical, secretory pathways. In general, secreted galectin-3 mediates cell migration, cell adhesion and cell–cell interactions through the binding with high affinity to galactose-containing glycoproteins on the cell surface. Cytoplasmic galectin-3 exhibits anti-apoptotic activity and regulates several signal transduction pathways, whereas nuclear galectin-3 has been associated with premRNA splicing and gene expression. During the past decade, extensive progress has been made toward understanding the molecular basis for the regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we have focused on the role of galectin-3 in tumor metastasis with special emphasis on apoptosis.